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Due to excessive heat from the sun during the summer, some Doha-based building companies implemented various forms of cooling technology to alleviate the extremely torrid climatic conditions in the late 20th century. The city is the headquarters of numerous domestic and international organizations, including the country's largest oil and gas companies, QatarEnergy and QatarEnergy LNG. The population density across the greater Doha region ranges from 20,000 people per km2 to 25–50 people per km2. The district with the highest population density is the central Adrians Casino area of Al Najada, which also accommodates the highest total population in the country. Street cats, having first been introduced in the 1960s to deal with the country's rodent infestations, are now widespread in Doha, with government estimates putting the total population at between 2 million and 3 million. The collapse of the pearl trade caused a significant population drop throughout the country. Located on the Persian Gulf coast in the east of the country, north of Al Wakrah and south of Al Khor and Lusail, it is home to most of the country's population.
Many of the older structures (1960–1970s) in the Old Doha districts have been demolished to make space for new buildings. Qatar has also been attracting major international events to the country, such as the FIFA World Cup 2022, which attracted over about 1 million visitors over the course of the tournament. In addition, Qatar Airways has become one of the world's leading airlines, connecting the country to major cities across the globe. Although the fall in oil prices since 2014 and a diplomatic crisis with Qatar's neighbors slowed growth in the city's population, government spending was increased to maintain the growth in real estate in metropolitan Doha. This rate of growth led to the development of planned communities in and around the city. As a result of Doha's rapid population boom and increased housing demands, real estate prices rose significantly through 2014. Beginning in the late 20th century, the government launched numerous initiatives to diversify the country's economy to decrease its dependence on oil and gas resources. Doha was included in Fortune's 15 best new cities for business in 2011.
During the summer of 2015 the company lost $7.6 billion related to its mobile-phone business, firing 7,800 employees. Increasingly present in the hardware business following Xbox, Microsoft 2006 released the Zune series of digital media players, a successor of its previous software platform Portable Media Center. It has been criticized for monopolistic practices, and the company's software received criticism for problems with ease of use, robustness, and security. Its best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems and the Microsoft Office and Microsoft 365 suite of productivity applications, which most notably include the Word word processor, Excel spreadsheet editor, and PowerPoint presentation program. A Big Tech company, Microsoft is the largest software company by revenue, one of the most valuable public companies, and one of the most valuable brands globally. Considering the country's rapid development for the 2022 World Cup, FIFA awarded the hosting rights of 2019 FIFA Club World Cup and 2020 FIFA Club World Cup also to Qatar. One of the largest urban development projects in Qatar is Lusail City, a planned community north of Doha constructed at a cost of approximately $45bn and designed to accommodate 450,000 people.
The pearl market collapsed that year, forcing Jassim Al Thani to sell the country's pearl harvest at half its value. The population increased to around 12,000 inhabitants in the first half of the 20th century due to the flourishing pearl trade. An Ottoman report compiled the same year reported that Al Bidda and Doha had a combined population of 6,000 inhabitants, jointly referring to both towns by the name of 'Katar'. While they were garrisoned in the fort, their corvette fired indiscriminately at the townspeople, killing many civilians. In December 1871, the Ottomans established a presence in the country with 100 of their troops occupying the Musallam fort in Doha. H. Colebrook, who visited Al Bidda, remarked on the recent depopulation of the town. It was officially declared as the country's capital in 1971, when Qatar gained independence from being a British protectorate. It is also Qatar's fastest growing city and over 80% of the nation's population live in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, which are known collectively as the Doha Metropolitan Area.
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Childhood friends Bill Gates and Paul Allen sought to make a business using their skills in computer programming. Most notably provides the Azure cloud computing platform, Microsoft SQL Server database software, and Visual Studio. Its flagship hardware products are the Surface lineup of PCs and the Xbox brand of video game consoles, the latter including the Xbox network. Microsoft has been dominant in the IBM PC–compatible operating system and office software suite markets since the 1990s. The company became influential in the rise of personal computers through software like Windows and has since expanded into areas such as Internet services, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, video gaming, and more. Contemporary towers and commercial blocks typically use steel, glass, and reinforced concrete, while historic buildings employ coral stone, limestone, and lime-based mortars with gypsum finishes. Municipal planning and large-scale development subsequently transformed former shoreline areas into administrative, commercial, and residential districts, producing the modern metropolitan form. The later development and export of oil and natural gas redirected national revenues toward infrastructure, public services, and rapid urban expansion.
Now modernizing the city while preserving traditions is part of the country's long-term plan, Qatar National Vision 2030. In Bali, WTO members also agreed on a series of Doha agriculture and development issues. The Doha Metropolitan Area's population grew from 89,000 in the 1970s to over 434,000 in 1997. During the 1970s, all old neighborhoods in Doha were razed and the inhabitants moved to new suburban developments, such as Al Rayyan, Madinat Khalifa and Al Gharafa. It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that the country saw significant monetary returns from oil drilling. Oil concessions in the 1920s and 1930s, and subsequent oil drilling in 1939, heralded the beginning of slow economic and social progress in the country. As for Doha's population, Lorimer asserts that "the inhabitants of Dohah are estimated to amount, inclusive of the Turkish military garrison of 350 men, to about 12,000 souls". The aftermath of the collapse resulted in the establishment of the country's first custom house in Doha.
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This is due to the company being tax resident in Bermuda as mentioned in the accounts for 'Microsoft Round Island One, a subsidiary that collects license fees from the use of Microsoft software worldwide. This characterization is derived from the perception that Microsoft provides nearly everything for its employees in a convenient place, but in turn overworks them to a point where it would be bad for their (possibly long-term) health. The company is often referred to as a "Velvet Sweatshop", a term which originated in a 1989 Seattle Times article, and later became used to describe the company by some of Microsoft's own employees. Historically, Microsoft has also been accused of overworking employees, in many cases, leading to burnout within just a few years of joining the company. The company has also been criticized for the use of permatemp employees (employees employed for years as "temporary", and therefore without medical benefits), the use of forced retention tactics, which means that employees would be sued if they tried to leave. Frequently criticized are the ease of use, robustness, and security of the Microsoft's software.
The same month, Microsoft announced that it was building a "hyperscale data centre" in South East Leeds. Meanwhile, that month, the company announced a subscription offering of artificial intelligence for small businesses via Copilot Pro. However, the plan was short-lived, as Altman was subsequently reinstated as OpenAI's CEO and Brockman rejoined the company amid pressure from OpenAI's employees and investors on its board. The announcement came a day after hosting a Sting concert for 50 people, including Microsoft executives, in Davos, Switzerland. In January 2023, CEO Satya Nadella announced Microsoft would lay off 10,000 employees. Microsoft also named Phil Spencer, head of the Xbox brand since 2014, the inaugural CEO of the newly established Microsoft Gaming division, which now houses the Xbox operations team and the three publishers in the company's portfolio (Xbox Game Studios, ZeniMax Media, Activision Blizzard). In the same month, Microsoft acquired Australia-based video editing software company Clipchamp.